Դիպլոմային Metaphorization of Emotions In English
Բովանդակություն
Introduction
Chapter 1. Metaphor in Modern Stylistic Theories
Chapter 2. Linguistic Characterization of Emotions
2.1The Notion of Emotion
Chapter 3.
3.1. Metaphorical Expression of Emotions in English
3.2. The role of metaphors in descriptions of emotions
Conclusion
Հատված
The term “metaphor” means some quality transference from one item to another. From the old Greek and Roman rhetoric times, this term has denoted the transference of meaning from one word to the other one. It is still applied to show the process in which a words obtain derivative meanings. Quintilian states: “It is due to the metaphor that each thing seems to have its name in language.” As a whole the language has been figuratively characterized as a vocabulary of faded metaphors. So, by meaning transference the words grasp, get and see will have the derivative meaning of understanding. When these words are applied with that meaning we may only register the derivative meaning existing in the words’ semantic structures. Though in its origin the derivative meaning is considered as metaphorical and there isn’t any stylistic effect as the primary meaning is felt no longer. (Lau: 2006, 3)
The etymological meaning of term metaphor is the transference of a quality from one to another object. It is greatly used for designating the process where a word acquires a derivative meaning. It must be mentioned that metaphor as any stylistic device tends to have a time of vigor, after which it looses its force and freshness through overuse and “die”. And language as such is considered as a vocabulary of dead or faded metaphors. (I.R.Galperin: 1981, 140)
The plot of the passage is built around metaphor. The word “octopus” which means “sea creature” with a soft body and eight arms here associated with “monopolist”. In this way the author gives a clear description of his hero Ken which in its turn carries a humorous effect. The word “octopus” that is “sea creature” is the right manifestation of monopolist and economist.
According to A. Marutyan there can’t be poetic speech without metaphor because it’s metaphor that gives the speech expressive meaning which is typical for verse. (Marutyan: 2009, 26). There are many metaphors in the poems of H.Tumanyan, V. Teryan, E. Charentz, H. Sahyan etc.
V. V. Vinоgradov writes: “…a metaphor, if it’s not а clichռ, is an act of setting an individual wоrld outlook, it’s an act of subjective isolatiоn… Hence a word metaphor is restricted, subjectively enclosed, …it influences on the reader а subjective view of the objects or phеnomena and its semantic ties.” (Vinogradov: 1976, 89)
The most prominent study on this topic belongs to R. Jacobson. In his research Jacobson thinks metonymy and metaphor as inner and physical relations of similarity or difference, condensed in them (R. Jacobson: 1990, 36).
In accordance with this theory 2 types of speech are explained. In one case it is difficult for the speaker to find words having contrary meanings instead of the ones at his disposal (e.g. “bubbly” or “ginger-pop” instead “champagne”). It’s easier for the speaker to find relations of adjacent (e.g. “bottle” or “hang-over” ), i.e. he grasps only metonymic relations. In the second case, on the contrary, the speaker may just transfer words sharing something in common and differing in meaning.
The work of Lakoff and Johnson “Metaphors We Live By” noted the real beginning of cognitive metaphor study. The basic concern of conceptual metaphor is that “metaphor isn’t only a matter of language, that is, of mere words; we think that, on the contrary, human thought processes are greatly metaphorical” (Lakoff and Johnson: 2003, 4).
Գրականության ցանկ
1. Boyd, R. (1979). Metaphor and theory change: What is “metaphor” a metaphor for? In A. Ortony (Ed.) Metaphor and thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Davitz, J. R. (1969). The language of emotion. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press.
3. De Rivera, J. (1977). A structural theory of the emotions. New York: International Universities Press. Frijda, N. (in press). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. Gentner, D. (1982) Are scientific analogies metaphors? In D. Miall (Ed.), Metaphor: Problems and perspectives. Brighton, England: Harvester press.
5. Johnson, R.E. (1970). Recall of prose as a function of the structural importance of the linguistic unit. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 29, 12-20.
6. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7. Ortony, A. (1975). Why metaphors are necessary and not just nice. Educational Theory, 25, 45-53.
